how did the ottoman empire maintain power

A highly ambitious plan to counter this conceived by Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier under Selim II, in the shape of a Don-Volga canal (begun June 1569), combined with an attack on Astrakhan, failed, the canal being abandoned with the onset of winter. Although Russia had been victorious in the war that occasioned the conference, it was humiliated at Berlin, and resented its treatment. editors: Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen, Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present, Vol. Throughout the rest of the 1500s and into the 1600s and 1700s, the Ottoman Empire began a considerable decline in power after several military defeats. [62] Crimean Tatar refugees in the late 19th century played an especially notable role in seeking to modernise Turkish education.[62]. SQ 4 What was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople? The Treaty of Belgrade signed on 18 September 1739, ended this war and resulted in Ottoman recovery of Belgrade and other territories from Austria, but the loss of the port of Azov to the Russians. Roman Emperor.) [81] These were formed mostly of irregular cavalry units of recruited Kurds. In 1974, descendants of the dynasty were granted the right to acquire Turkish citizenship by the Grand National Assembly, and were notified that they could apply. Answer: The Seljuk Empire was a medieval Turkic empire that controlled a large territory in Western Asia and Eastern Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries. This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha in May 1683 led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 16831699. What drives them, however, is severe episodes of dissociation that manifest as multiple personalities brought about by severe, persistent periods of childhood trauma or neglect.. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will identify and explain the importance of at least two key resources and/or products and/or luxury items vital to exchanges along the Indian Ocean complex, Mediterranean Sea complex, Silk Roads, and Trans-Saharan routes. Bulgaria lost Eastern Rumelia, which was restored to the Turks under a special administration; and Macedonia, which was returned outright to the Turks, who promised reform. Romania achieved full independence, but had to turn over part of Bessarabia to Russia. Most of the fighting took place when the allies landed on Russia's Crimean Peninsula to gain control of the Black Sea. holder of power, the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans. The Ottoman fleet emerged for the first time as a major Mediterranean naval power, and the Ottomans became an integral part of European diplomatic relations. The Ottoman Empire was able to maintain power because it had a strong military and religious infrastructure. Suleiman the Magnificent was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam from 1520 to 1566. With the demise of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum during 12th to 13th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent states, the so-called Anatolian Beyliks. Bilefsky, Dan. New conquests extended its domain well into central Europe and throughout the Arab portion of the old Islamic caliphate, and a new amalgam of political, religious, social, and economic organizations and traditions was institutionalized and developed into a living, working whole. Unfortunately, early trauma may be a risk factor for later trauma. Unit Synthesis Task: New Visions Global I Review Sheets and Concept Maps for the Full Course. The most successful of those were the afavs of Ardabl, a mystic order whose Turkmen members (called Kizilbash [Redheads] because of their use of red headgear to symbolize their allegiance) had immigrated there from eastern Anatolia; the Safavid dynasty established by the afavorder used a combined religious and military appeal to conquer most of Iran. Dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly called multiple personality disorder, is a condition that is characterized by the presence of at least two clear personality/self states, called alters, which may have different reactions, emotions, and body functioning. By this period, though, the influences had become regressive and conservative. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. Ottoman Empire Pre-1600: SQ 7 What are the strengths and limitations of the Turkish Letters as a reliable source for understanding how outsiders viewed the Ottoman Empire? Ottoman military reform efforts begin with Selim III (17891807) who made the first major attempts to modernize the army along European lines. Those educated in the schools established during the Tanzimat period included Mustafa Kemal Atatrk and other progressive leaders and thinkers of the Republic of Turkey and of many other former Ottoman states in the Balkans, the Middle East and North Africa. 9.6 SQ 4 What was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople? In 1726, Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nevehirli Damat brahim Pasha, the Grand Mufti, and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press, and later submitted a request to Sultan Ahmed III, who granted Muteferrika the permission to publish non-religious books (despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders. 9.6 SQ 1 Where was the Ottoman Empire? You will only need to fill the formout once to gain access to all of the assessments and teacher materials in the curriculum. This led to frequent power struggles and made it difficult for the Ottoman authorities to effectively govern the empire. To the northeast the sultan pushed Ottoman territory north of the Danube, along the shores of the Black Sea, capturing in 1484 the ports of Kilia (present-day Kiliya) and Akkerman (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyy)both in what is now Ukrainewhich controlled the mouths of the Danube and Dniester. [16][17], After further advances by the Turks in 1543, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547. Why was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople a turning point? Other tentative reforms were also enacted: taxes were lowered, there were attempts to improve the image of the Ottoman state, and the first instances of private investment and entrepreneurship occurred. [48] This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the First Russo-Turkish War of 17681774. Management The following CASE questions are all based on the Management 11th Edition by Stephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter textbook. Myth: DID is a personality disorder. [60] On 23 May 1909, the first manual telephone exchange with a 50 line capacity entered service in the Byk Postane (Grand Post Office) in Sirkeci.[60]. But the conditions that had caused the uprising remained a major problem for Bayezids successor. [85] The Baghdad Railway under German control was a proposal to build rail lines into Iraq. A burgeoning national consciousness, together with a growing sense of ethnic nationalism, made nationalistic thought one of the most significant Western ideas imported to the Ottoman Empire. [37] The Empire had reached the end of its ability to effectively conduct an assertive, expansionist policy against its European rivals and it was to be forced from this point to adopt an essentially defensive strategy within this theatre. Another 5.5 million people were under nominal Ottoman rule in the Arabian peninsula.[84]. Predict At the height of its power, the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman (1520-1566) controlled a large territory inEurope, Africa, and Asia. The empire was slow to adopt new technologies and ideas, and this made it difficult for it to keep up with the rapid changes of the modern world. Uprisings in Ottoman territory had many far-reaching consequences during the 19th century and determined much of Ottoman policy during the early 20th century. The boys were put into units The state fell into a civil war that lasted from 1402 to 1413, as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. How did the Ottoman Empire maintain power through religion? [64] The subsequent Treaty of Paris (1856) secured Ottoman control over the Balkan Peninsula and the Black Sea basin. Unit Introduction and Vocabulary: Unit Introduction: Enduring Issues and Questions, Unit Introduction and Vocabulary: Unit Introduction: Contextualize and Connect Cause and Effect, Unit Introduction and Vocabulary: Vocabulary Opener. Never drop your bork during battle! End of Unit Assessment: End of Unit Assessment- NEW Global II Exam Aligned. As soon as Murad II came to power, however, he resumed earlier efforts to make the sultanate more independent, building up the strength of the Janissaries and their associates and playing them off against the notables. [76], In the long-run, tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary intensified, as did the nationality question in the Balkans. Through a military coup in 1876, they forced Sultan Abdlaziz (18611876) to abdicate in favour of Murad V. However, Murad V was mentally ill and was deposed within a few months. Ottoman power reached its height and became a world power under his rule. On the eve of World War II, the geographical position and the geopolitical weight of Turkey, the major historical heir to the Ottoman Empire, gave weight to the issues as propaganda. 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p.437. We encourage teachers to start their planning by looking first at the end of unit assessments and then at specific resources. What were the society and culture like in the Ottoman Empire? Society in the Ottoman Empire was dominated by Islam, although non-Muslims were also present and constituted a great deal of the imperial population. Due to Turkish traditions of gender semi-equality, women had comparatively more rights than those of other Muslim societies. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will map the extent of the Muslim, Neo-Confucian, and Christian realms and compare the relative size and power of these realms ca. 2023 New Visions for Public Schoolsbuilt by blenderbox. [77][78] Muslims had been the majority in some parts of the Ottoman Empire such as the Crimea, the Balkans and the Caucasus as well as a plurality in southern Russia and also in some parts of Romania. [40] Following the Austro-Turkish War (17161718), the subsequent Treaty of Passarowitz signed on 21 July 1718, brought a period of peace between wars. A group of reformers known as the Young Ottomans, primarily educated in Western universities, believed that a constitutional monarchy would give an answer to the empire's growing social unrest. [44] Ottoman science and technology had been highly regarded in medieval times, as a result of Ottoman scholars' synthesis of classical learning with Islamic philosophy and mathematics, and knowledge of such Chinese advances in technology as gunpowder and the magnetic compass. It was forced to deal with nationalism both within and beyond its borders. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will examine the technologies that facilitated and improved interregional travel along the Indian Ocean and Trans-Saharan networks of exchange. Cambridge University Press, 2006. The gradual weakening of the Ottoman Empire gave rise to the Eastern Question in the mid-19th century. How did the Ottomans government maintain power? The expansion of Muscovite Russia under Ivan IV (15331584) into the Volga and Caspian region at the expense of the Tatar khanates disrupted the northern pilgrimage and trade routes. Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds. To conclude, the most significant reason for the decline of the Ottoman Empire was the decline of the armed forces as during the rising era, the military army of the Ottoman very popular with their power and strategies to defeat their rivalling. How interconnected was it to other regions? In addition, once he had established his state, he had found it difficult to maintain order with such an army because the nomads still preferred to maintain themselves by looting, in the lands of their commander as well as in those of the enemy. Ming Dynasty Pre-1600: SQ 9. What do the Turkish Letters (1589) reveal about how outsiders viewed the Ottomans? Ming Dynasty Pre-1600: SQ 13. 9.6 SQ 8. How did the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the Magnificent, gain, consolidate, and maintain power? Explanation: The Muslim Empires tended to break apart as rival national, tribal, and religious sects fought for power. Following the Russo-Turkish War of 18771878, the empire granted independence to all three belligerent nations. [39] Accordingly, King Charles XII of Sweden was welcomed as an ally in the Ottoman Empire following his defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Poltava in 1709 (part of the Great Northern War of 17001721. Which modern day countries were once part of the Ottoman Empire?Turkey.Greece.Bulgaria.Egypt.Hungary.Macedonia.Romania.Jordan. 9.6 Unit Closer: Contextualize and Connect Cause and Effect, 9.6 Closer: Enduring Issues and Questions, New York State Grades 9-12 Social Studies Framework ( 9.4, 9.4a, 9.4a1, 9.4b, 9, End of Unit Assessment- NEW Global II Exam Aligned, End of Unit Assessment- NEW Global II Exam Aligned- Teacher Materials, Unit Introduction: Enduring Issues and Questions, Unit Introduction: Contextualize and Connect Cause and Effect. SQ 12. Who was Zheng He? Mehmed II thus avoided the fate of the great Middle Eastern empires that had preceded that of the Ottomans, in which rule had been shared among members of the ruling dynasty and with others and rapid disintegration had resulted. 9.6 SQ 11 What impact did Neo-Confucianism have on Ming and Qing China? Bayezid was installed on the throne by the Janissaries because of their military domination of the capital, while his more militant brother Cem fled to Anatolia, where he led a revolt initially supported by the Turkish notables. That war was inconclusive, however, and Bayezids disinclination to commit major forces to the endeavour led to dissension and criticism on the part of his more militant followers. They use the devshirme which forced young boys to go into the military and serve the state. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will examine Ming interactions with European traders and Christian missionaries. Henceforth the Empire returned to its existing strategy of utilizing the Crimean Khanate as its bulwark against Russia. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks. Directions: Read the excerpts below and respond to the questions. To this aim he spent many years securing positions on the Adriatic Sea, such as in Albania Veneta, and then continued with the Ottoman invasion of Otranto and Apulia on 28 July 1480. The Ottoman Empire had long been the "sick man of Europe" and after a series of Balkan wars by 1914 had been driven out of nearly all of Europe and North Africa. However, the printing press was used only by the non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire until the 18th century. This Divan-approved form of the Code of Regulations consisted of 150 articles drafted by the Armenian intelligentsia. This era is dominated by the politics of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), and the movement that would become known as the Young Turks. same as others: have a good base such as government, education and stuff and create a strong army with the best technology at the time, great to ch CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will identify the location of the transregional trade networks noting regional connections between the Indian Ocean complex, Mediterranean Sea complex, Silk Roads, and Trans-Saharan routes. There the Safavids focused on spreading Shiism as a means of gaining the loyalty of the Persians to a dynasty dominated by Turkmen warriors. [56][57] The first post office was the Postahane-i Amire near the courtyard of the Yeni Mosque. Volume 4: Reat Kasaba ed., "Turkey in the Modern World." Ottoman Empire Pre-1600: SQ 3. These documents include a unit plan and may also include recommended primary sources; the unit plan is designed to be copied and modified by teachers for their own use. The Young Turk government had signed a secret treaty with Germany and established the Ottoman-German Alliance in August 1914, aimed against the common Russian enemy but aligning the Empire with the German side. In 1856, the Hatt- Hmayun promised equality for all Ottoman citizens regardless of their ethnicity and religious confession; which thus widened the scope of the 1839 Hatt- erif of Glhane. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will map the extent of the Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty at the height of their power. It made a military alliance with France, the Kingdom of England and the Dutch Republic against Habsburg Spain, Italy and Habsburg Austria. The Ottoman Empire, called at the time the "sick man of Europe", was humiliated and significantly weakened, rendering it more liable to domestic unrest and more vulnerable to attack. What were the historical circumstances for the founding of the Ming Dynasty? Mehmet II, Murad's son, brought the Ottoman Empire to its peak when his troops conquered Constantinople. Although granted their own constitution and national assembly with the Tanzimat reforms, the Armenians attempted to demand implementation of Article 61 from the Ottoman government as agreed upon at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. [43], This long period of Ottoman peace and, indeed, stagnation is typically characterized by historians as an era of failed reforms. [19] The exploits of the Ottoman admiral Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha, who commanded the Ottoman Navy during Suleiman's reign, led to a number of military victories over Christian navies. Bayezid II completed the effort begun by Mehmed II to replace the vassals with direct Ottoman administration throughout the empire. This resulted in a relaxation of recruitment policy and a significant growth in Janissary corps numbers. SQ 2 What was the historical context for the founding of the Ottoman Empire? Those nomadic troops had predominated through Orhans reign, until he saw that such undisciplined cavalrymen were of limited use in besieging and taking large cities. . [62] In 1911, of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul, 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks.[62]. The Ottoman Empire conquered the central part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and set up several Ottoman provinces there (see Budin Eyalet, Eri Eyalet, Uyvar Eyalet). WebDissociative identity disorder (DID), previously known as multiple personality disorder (MPD) and colloquially known as split personality disorder, is a mental disorder characterized by the maintenance of at least two distinct and relatively enduring personality states. The sultanate was officially abolished by the Government of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara on 1 November 1922 following the Turkish War of Independence. How did the Ming Dynasty gain, consolidate, and maintain power? 1 / 51. (quantified) Past tense for to reach a particular speed, amount or rate. Webdid for a living. Overall, the Tanzimat reforms had far-reaching effects. Bayezid managed to conciliate the latter, however, by exposing to them his essentially pacific plans, which downgraded the devirme, leaving Cem without major support. The empire came to an end in the aftermath of its defeat in World War I, when its remaining territory was partitioned by the Allies. The Empire controlled nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when Timur invaded Anatolia in the Battle of Ankara in 1402. In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. The Ottomans maintained power in the usual ways - an army which usually ensured the continuation of law and order; a bureaucracy which meant that m The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus (ruled 145890) was interested mainly in establishing his rule over Bohemia and agreed to peace with the Ottomans (1484), and, after his death, struggles for succession left that front relatively quiet for the remainder of Bayezids reign. In the Ottoman empire, there were four different types of major social classes. Venice had been encouraging revolts against the sultan in the Morea (Peloponnese) and in Dalmatia and Albania, which it had ceded to the Ottomans in 1479. WebThe transformation of that city into the Ottoman capital of Istanbul marked an important new stage in Ottoman history. In any case, the need to modernise was evident to the empire's leaders by the early 19th century, and numerous administrative reforms were implemented in an attempt to forestall the decline of the empire, with varying degrees of success. When did the Ottoman Empire begin to decline? The Ottomans maintained power over their empire through religious beliefs, a system to accommodate non-Muslim citizens, firm responses to rebellious Advertisement Advertisement [26] However, what could not be replaced were the experienced naval officers and sailors. Ottoman Empire Pre-1600: SQ 5. To replace the nomads, Orhan organized a separate standing army of hired mercenaries paid by salary rather than booty or by timar estates. Only late in the 14th century did Murad I and Bayezid I attempt to build up their own personal power by building a military slave force for the sultan under the name kapkulu. WebMAINTAIN Maintaining power is the process of keepingones power. The rise of nationalism swept through many countries during the 19th century, and it affected territories within the Ottoman Empire. These cross-cultural interactions also led to conflict and demographic impacts. The Congress of Berlin (13 June 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the leading statesmen of Europe's Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire. Egypt and Sudan remained as Ottoman provinces de jure until 1914, when the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers of World War I. | New Visions - Social Studies Unit 9.6: Ottoman and Ming Pre-1600 Browse Components Ottoman Empire Pre-1600: SQ 5. Janissaries. Directions: Read the excerpts below and respond to the questions. Together with Austria, Russia, under Empress Anne, Catherine I's niece, engaged in a war against the Ottoman Empire from 1735 until 1739. WebHOW did Ottoman rulers legitimize and consolidate power? The state also flourished economically due to its control of the major overland trade routes between Europe and Asia.[8]. This ended the effectiveness of the Kann- Ess. [20] A month prior to the siege of Nice, France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in 1543. What impact did his travels have on China and other regions? We are sorry if this delay causes any inconvenience. The alliance of the Holy League pressed home the advantage of the defeat at Vienna and, thus, fifteen (15) years of see-sawing warfare, culminated in the epochal Treaty of Karlowitz (26 January 1699), which ended the Great Turkish War. Although it began as a uniting progressive party, the CUP splintered in 1911 with the founding of the opposition Freedom and Accord Party (Liberal Union or Entente), which poached many of the more liberal Deputies from the CUP. The conquests of Nice (1543) and Corsica (1553) occurred on behalf of France as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I, and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis. The Ottomans maintained power over their empire through religious beliefs, a system to accommodate non-Muslim citizens, firm responses to rebellious Advertisement. France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule in both Southern and Central Europe, became strong allies during this period. The salaried Janissary corps remained the primary source of strength of the devirme class, whereas the sipahis and the timar system remained the bases of power of the Turkish notables. From then on, all important ministers, military officers, judges, governors, timar holders, tax farmers, Janissaries, sipahis, and the like were made members of that class and attached to the will and service of the sultan. 248250. Where was the Ottoman Empire? Our units are developed through a backwards design process in which we start with the summative assessments and then create resources and formative assessments based on the content and skills students will need to be successful (SeeUnderstanding by Designby Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe). How did the Ming Dynasty interact with European traders and Christian missionaries? When the Ottoman Empire was restored under Sultan Mehmed I, the Turkish notables, in order to deprive the sultan of the only military force he could use to resist their control, required him to abandon the kapkulu, justifying the action on the basis of the Islamic tradition that Muslims could not be kept in slavery. For more details, please see this page. Stubborn resistance by the Maltese led to the lifting of the siege in September. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum. The first Ottoman army had been composed entirely of Turkmen nomads, who had remained largely under the command of the religious orders that had converted most of them to Islam. The results were first hailed as a great achievement in peacemaking and stabilisation. All the grievances of the time coalesced into what was essentially a religious uprising against the central government, and only a major expedition led by the grand vizier Ali Paa could suppress it. [50][51] In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. This had serious negative consequences at all levels of Ottoman society. In 1878, Austria-Hungary unilaterally occupied the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Novi Pazar, but the Ottoman government contested this move and maintained its troops in both provinces. If you do not have access to the assessments, please fill out the form linked here. WebThe Ottoman Empire was founded c. 1299 by Osman I as a small beylik in northwestern Asia Minor just south of the Byzantine capital Constantinople. Bayezid also hoped to conquer the last Venetian ports in the Morea to establish bases for complete Ottoman naval control of the eastern Mediterranean. It is based on numerous eyewitness accounts. The Ottomans had one thing most imperial people do not. They had the foresight to know they were not administrators. The Ottoman Turks were formida Directions: Examine the map and make a prediction below. Resources: The Turkmen nomads resisted the efforts of the Ottomans to expand their administrative control to all parts of the empire. However, most of the participants were not fully satisfied, and grievances regarding the results festered until they exploded into world war in 1914. New railways were built during this period, including the first in the Ottoman Empire. The Sultan and his family were declared personae non gratae of Turkey and exiled. 9.6 SQ 6 What do the Turkish Letters (1589) reveal about how outsiders viewed the Ottomans? [60] In 1855 the Ottoman telegraph network became operational and the Telegraph Administration was established. These networks of exchange influenced the economic and political development of states and empires. The occupation of Constantinople along with the occupation of zmir mobilized the establishment of the Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (191923) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans (such as Thessaloniki, Macedonia and Kosovo) were temporarily lost after 1402, but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. With the Ottoman Turks blockading sea-lanes to the East and South, the European powers were driven to find another way to the ancient silk and spice routes, now under Ottoman control. Where did the Ming Dynasty rule? The Second Constitutional Era began after the Young Turk Revolution (3 July 1908) with the sultan's announcement of the restoration of the 1876 constitution and the reconvening of the Ottoman Parliament. Their victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571) was a startling blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility. 9.6 End of Unit Assessment- NEW Global II Exam Aligned- Teacher Materials, 9.6 Unit Introduction: Enduring Issues and Questions, 9.6 Unit Introduction: Contextualize and Connect Cause and Effect. In return for British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's advocacy for restoring the Ottoman territories on the Balkan Peninsula during the Congress of Berlin, Britain assumed the administration of Cyprus in 1878[75] and later sent troops to Egypt in 1882 with the pretext of helping the Ottoman government to put down the Urabi Revolt; effectively gaining control in both territories (Britain formally annexed the still nominally Ottoman territories of Cyprus and Egypt on 5 November 1914, in response to the Ottoman Empire's decision to enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers.) There the old conflict resumed between the autonomous, uncivilized nomads and the stable, settled Middle Eastern civilization of the Ottomans.

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how did the ottoman empire maintain power

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how did the ottoman empire maintain power